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6/28/2009
錢鍾書先生-《管錐編》左傳正義58昭公二十八年(一)
魏子曰:“吾聞諸伯叔,諺曰:‘惟食忘憂。’”按此諺殊洞達情理。有待之身,口腹尤累,詩人名句“切身經濟是加餐”(張問陶《乙巳八月出都感事》之四),所以傳誦。憂心如焚不敵饑火如焚;“食不甘味”、“茶飯無心”則誠有之,然豈能以愁腸而盡廢食腸哉?李漁《凰求鳳》第二二齣呂哉生云:“長吁短歎、不言不語都做得來,那不茶不飯四個字卻有些難”,正謂是也。嵇康《養生論》稱述“曾子銜哀,七日不饑”;欲成己說,不惜過信古書,亦通人之蔽耳。儒者如葉適即疑其事之不實,《習學記言序目》卷八《禮記》:“曾子執親之喪,水漿不入於口者七日;自言之乎?”,又:“曾子既以七日不入水漿自言,而樂正子春又以五日不食為悔;師弟子之學,矯情而求名若此,……其不然也必矣!”荷馬史詩中奧德修斯曰:“吾雖憂傷,然思晚食。吾心悲戚,而吾腹命吾飲食,亦可稍忘苦痛”(Even as I bear sorrow in my heart, but my belly ever bids me eat and drink, and brings forgetfulness of all that I have suffered)。與魏子引諺契會。一古希臘小詩云:“居喪諒闇,而亦飲食;荷馬有言,哀悼以心不以腹”(Eat and drink and keep silence in mourning; for we should not, as Homer said, mourn the dead with our belly)。維果不解荷馬載筆之家常親切、質而不綺,乃責怪其寫奧德修斯等憂傷時唯酗酒以消塊壘(sono afflitissimi d'animo, porre tutto il lor conforto in ubbriacarsi),未為知言。許來格稱荷馬敍述大事,而於飲食臥起等人生瑣屑(die weniger bedeutenden, aber zum stetigen Fortgang notwendigen z. B. das Aufstehen, Zu-Bett-gehen, Essen, Trinken usw.),未嘗拋置。後世小說家有悟於斯,故賽萬提斯寫吉訶德病危將死,其姪女餐飯如常,其管家婦不停酒杯(原文略);伏爾泰寫一人失其所歡,又殺其所歡之弟,與僕跳,中途,僕請進食,其人慨然曰:“吾腸斷心疚,汝何為欲吾食火脮乎!”(Comment veux-tu que je mange du jambon?),且談且啖(En parlant ainsi, il/ne laissa pas de/manger);斐爾丁亦寫悲深憂極而終須飲食(yet the sublimest grief, not with standing what some people may say to the contrary, will eat at last)。《紅樓夢》“凡歇落處每用吃飯”,護花主人於卷首《讀法》中說之以為“大道存焉”,著語迂腐,實則其意祇謂此雖日常小節,乃生命所須,飲食之欲更大於男女之欲耳。嘗見英國一大史家日記有云:“好友病革。心甚悲痛。然吾晚餐如恒”(Poor Henry Hallam is dying. Much distressed. I dined, however);蓋自認不能憂而忘食也。費爾巴哈云,心中有情,首中有思,必先腹中有物(原文略)。然則“唯食忘憂”祇道著一半;唯有食庶得以憂,無食則不暇他憂而唯食是憂矣。古希臘又一小詩云:“患相思病者之對治無過饑餓,歲月亦為靈藥”(Hunger puts an end to love, or if not hunger, time);但丁名句:“饑餓之力勝於悲痛”(原文略);皆道此也。
********增訂 塞萬提斯書第二部第五五章引諺:“肚子吃飽,痛苦能熬”(楊絳譯本下冊三九〇頁,原文為“Todos los duelos con pan buenos”- ed. Marin, VIII,11)尤貼切“惟食忘憂”。
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