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    6/27/2009

    錢鍾書先生-《管錐編》左傳正義53昭公十七年

         梓慎曰:“水、火之牡也”;《正義》:“陰陽之書有五行嫁娶之法,火畏水,故以丁為壬妃,是水為火之雄。”按昭公八年,楚滅陳,裨竈曰:“火、水妃也”;《漢書·五行志》上:“陽奇為牡,陰耦為妃。故曰:‘水、火之牡也’,‘火、水妃也’。於《易》,坎為水,為中男;離為火,為中女”;《易林·革》之《井》:“水為火牡。”《書·洪範》:“水曰潤下,火曰炎上”;《參同契》中篇:“男生而伏,女偃其軀,及其死也,亦復效之”,又蘇軾《志林》卷三:“男子之生也覆,女子之生也仰,其死於水也亦然”(《朱子語類》卷七六略同),與西方傳說適反;水為男而火為女,疑出於二事之牽合,以覆下為潤、仰上為炎耳。《全唐文》卷三三四劉知古《進〈日月元樞論〉表》:“一陰一陽而為水火,火以水為夫,水以火為妻”;韓愈《陸渾山火》:“女丁婦壬傳世婚,一朝結讐奈後昆”;皆沿古說。顧《禮記·表記》已曰:“母、親而不尊,父、尊而不親;水之於民也,親而不尊,火、尊而不親”;《白虎通·五行》篇曰:“火者、陽也,尊,故上;水者、陰也,卑,故下”;邵雍《擊壤集》卷一六《治亂呤》之四亦言:“火能勝水;火不勝水,其水遂滅。水能從火;水不從火,其水不熱。夫能制妻;夫不制妻,其夫遂絕。妻能從夫;妻不從夫,其妻必孽”;晁說之《嵩山集》卷九《和許嵩老江上舟災》:“丙穴烘天誰得及,丁翁奔日更難如。”唐宋以來方術及小說家言亦以火為男而水為女。如《五燈會元》卷一〇南唐僧清勉曰:“丙丁童子來求火”,玄則參釋曰:“丙丁屬火而更求火,如將自己求自己”;張伯端《悟真篇》卷下《西江月》:“更假丁公煅煉”;夏元鼎《蓬萊鼓吹·西江月》:“要得丁公煅煉”,又《水調歌頭》:“感嬰兒,交姹女,愛丁公”;《女仙外史》第九二回寫火首毘耶與刹魔公主鬭法事。姚燧《牧庵集》卷三四《道中即事》之一一:“解使水男親火女,即為木母嫁金翁”,以火為女而水為男,仍用古說,其例不多見。孔疏曰:“火畏水,故水雄而火雌”,而《韓非子·備內》篇曰:“今夫火之勝水亦明矣,然釜鬵間之,水煎沸竭盡其上,而火得熾盛焚其下,水失其所以勝者矣。”是水時復畏火,則方士之言爐火丹鼎者,如《西遊記》第七三回所謂“千斤熬一杓,一杓煉三分”,宜稱火曰:“公”矣。為虎為鼠,一彼一此,趙孟不云乎:“何常之有!”

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