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    6/27/2009

    錢鍾書先生-《管錐編》左傳正義50-52昭公七年/十一年/十二年

    《管錐編》左傳正義50昭公七年
         子產論伯有為鬼曰:“匹夫匹婦強死,其魂魄猶能馮依於人,以為淫厲。”按《淮南子·俶真訓》云:“是故傷死者,其鬼嬈,時既者,其神漠,是皆不得形神俱沒也”;高誘註:“嬈,煩嬈,善行病祟人。”可為子產語作箋。蓋謂壽終者之鬼不厲,後世“枉死鬼”、“冤魂”之說始見於此。

    《管錐編》左傳正義51昭公十一年
              申無宇曰:“末大必折,尾大不掉,君所知也”;《正義》:“末大以樹木喻也,尾大以畜獸喻也。……《楚語》云:‘……譬之如牛馬,處暑之既至,虻(上雍下虫)之既多,而不能掉其尾。’”按《韓非子·揚權》篇:“為人君者,數披其木,毋使枝大本小,枝大本小,將不勝春風”。西諺則謂狗不能掉尾而尾將掉狗(The tail wags the dog)。

    《管錐編》左傳正義52昭公十二年
              南蒯將叛,枚筮之,以為大吉,子服惠伯曰:“吾嘗學此矣:忠信之事則可,不然必敗。……且夫《易》不可以占險。”按《困學紀聞》卷一引《正蒙·大易》篇:“《易》為君子謀,不為小人謀”,以朱子語釋之:“聖人作《易》,示人以吉凶,言‘利貞’,不言‘利不貞’,言‘貞吉’,不言‘不貞吉’,言‘利禦寇’,不言‘利為寇’也。”翁元圻註即引《左傳》此節闡發,而誤為僖公二十年。實則其意已見於《論語·子路》:“‘不恒其德,或承之羞’;子曰:‘不占而已矣!’”鄭玄註:“《易》所以占吉凶,無恒之人,《易》所不占”,正與子服惠伯語印可。王符《潛夫論·夢列》篇論“人位之夢”云:“同事,貴人夢之即為祥,賤人夢之即為妖,君子夢之即為榮,小人夢之即為辱”;亦歸一揆,占夢固卜筮之類。鬼神之善善惡惡復即鬼神之炎涼勢利也。

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