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    6/26/2009

    錢鍾書先生-《管錐編》左傳正義46襄公二十八年

         “盧蒲癸曰:賦《詩》斷章,余取所求焉。”按癸強顏藉口,而道出春秋以來詞令一法。“賦《詩》”者,引《詩》也,如昭公元年,子皮“賦《野有死麕》之卒章”,趙孟“賦《常棣》”,即其一例。他若《中庸》引《大雅·旱麓》,孔穎達《正義》曰:“此引斷章,故與《詩》義有異也”;《大學》引《商頌·玄鳥》,《正義》曰:“此記斷章。”蓋“斷章”乃古人慣為之事,經籍中習見。皆假借古之“章句”以道今之“情物”(二詞本《南齊書·文學傳》陸厥與沈約書),同作者之運化;初非徵援古語以證明今論,如學者之考信。何良俊《四友齋叢說》卷一論“孔門說《詩》”不以“文句泥”;曾異撰《紡授堂文集》卷五《復曾叔祈書》謂“左氏引《詩》,皆非《詩》人之旨”; 盧文弨《抱經堂文集》卷三《校本〈韓詩外傳〉序》稱“《詩》無定形,讀《詩》亦無定解”,援引“各有取義,而不必盡符乎本旨”。後世詞章之驅遣古語、成句,往往不特乖違本旨,抑且竄易原文,巧取豪奪;如宋人四六及長短句所優為,以至“集句”成文之巧,政“賦《詩》斷章”之充類加厲,撏撦古人以供今我之用耳。羅泌《路史·發揮》卷五謂哀公十六年誄孔子集《詩·南山》之“昊天不弔”、《十月之交》之“不憗遺一老”、《閔予小子》之“煢煢在疚”,是“斷章”以成章之朔。《世說》取簡文引“無小無大,從公于邁”及“某在斯”、韓康伯引“無可無不可”等,入《言語》門;取鄭康成婢引“胡為乎泥中”及“逢彼之怒”等,入《文學》門。足徵“斷章”亦得列於筆舌妙品,善運不亞善創,初無須詞盡己出也。說理參禪,每刺擷詩詞中言情寫景之句,聊資津逮,如《五燈會元》卷一九昭覺克勤章次引“小艷詩”及卷二〇象耳圓覺章次引蘇、黃詩,《河南程氏外書·時氏本拾遺》及《朱子語類》卷九七引石曼卿詩,以至《靜菴文集》續編《文學小言》五引晏、柳、辛詞;莫非“孔門說《詩》”之遺意。《東塾讀書記》卷三稱孟子“引《蒸民》之詩,以證性善,性理之學也,引‘雨我公田’,以證周用助法,考據之學也”;則發明《詩》之本旨,故曰“證”曰“考”,絕非“斷章”以“取所求”,不得混為一談也。
              慶封“則以其內實,遷于盧蒲嫳氏,易內而飲酒”;《註》:“‘內實’、寶物妻妾。”按昭公二十八年,“晉祁勝與鄔藏通室”,《註》:“易妻”;“易內”亦“通室”之義,《魏書·閹宦傳》王顯彈抱老壽所謂“易室而姦”。《山歌》卷三《交易》、《拍案驚奇》初刻卷三二、鮑卡邱及拉芳旦小說中皆寫此類事,即《共產黨宣言》第二節所斥“以互誘彼此妻室為至樂”(原文略),西方今日頹風惡俗之一(swinging)也。初民婚姻有“夫妻互易”制(exchange marriage),則別是一事。

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